Arratia G, Schultze H-P, Tischlinger H, Viohl G, editors. Knochenfische im engeren Sinne (Teleostei). The largest neopterygian clade, the Infraclass Teleostei, has undergone major changes in the last 20 years mainly due to the development of molecular techniques and studies that changed the content, position and phylogenetic interpretations of numerous clades that were historically based on morphological characters ( Arratia, 2015 Arratia G, Schultze H-P. La anquilosis o fusiГіn de los huesos extrascapular y parietal y la presencia de ГЎreas plateadas asociadas con la vejiga natatoria son interpretados como sinapomorfГas, independientemente de que son caracteres homoplГЎsticos debido a pГ©rdidas o transformaciones de tales caracteres en los alepocefГЎliformes.ДЄlepocefГЎlidos Clupeomorfos MorfologГa Ostariofisos SinapomorfГas La fusiГіn de los arcos hemales con sus respectivos centros vertebrales anterior al centro preural 2 es una sinapomorfГa de la cohorte. Mientras estudios moleculares confirman la monofilia de Otomorfa, la mayorГa de las sinapomorfГas morfolГіgicas del grupo se interpretan como homoplГЎsticas debido fundamentalmente a la naturaleza peculiar de ciertos caracteres morfolГіgicos (ya sea pГ©rdidas o transformaciГіn de estados de caracteres) de alepocefaliformes. Otomorfos son el grupo de peces mГЎs grande a nivel mundial y al mismo tiempo, el mГЎs grande de la RegiГіn Neotropical. Otomorpha incluye peces con una gran diversidad corporal la que estГЎ representada por clupeiformes, alopocefГЎliformes y ostariofisos (gonorinchiformes, cipriniformes, caraciformes, siluriformes y gimnotiformes), los que habitan diversos ambientes marinos y de aguas continentales del planeta. Se realizГі una revisiГіn morfolГіgica de la cohorte Otomorpha la que se interpreta como el grupo mГЎs primitivo dentro de la gran supercohorte Clupeocephala.

The ankylosis or fusion of the extrascapular and parietal bones, and silvery areas associated with the gas bladder are also interpreted as synapomorphies, although they are homoplastic characters mainly due to secondary losses or further transformations of the morphological features in the alepocephaliforms.ДЄlepocephaloids Clupeomorphs Morphology Ostariophysans Synapomorphies

The fusion of haemal arches with their respective vertebral centra anterior to preural centrum 2 stands as an unambiguous synapomorphy of the clade. While molecular studies strongly confirm the monophyly of Otomorpha, most potential morphological synapomorphies of the group become homoplastic largely due to the peculiar morphological character states (either losses or transformations) present in alepocephaliforms. They are the largest fish teleostean clade worldwide, as well as the largest of the Neotropical Region. Otomorpha is a morphologically heterogeneous group represented by clupei forms, alepocephaliforms, and ostariophysans (gonorynchiforms, cypriniforms, characiforms, siluriforms, and gymnoti forms) that inhabit various marine and freshwater environments worldwide. A morphological revision is presented here on the cohort Otomorpha, a clade currently interpreted as the most primitive among the large supercohort Clupeocephala.

Que es talismania